The Lorentz-factor and the ether
The ether must be consistent with observations.
The assumed ether must describe the relativistic phenomena in an abstract,
mathematical, way. The disadvantage, if we only describe the mathematical formulas
of physics, is that the mathematical abstraction diminishes the perception of
physical processes to the mathematical outcome. The ether offers possibilities,
apart from mathematical formulation, to describe the process through which new
insights are achieved.
In high-energy physics elementary particles
like electrons and protons have experimentally a speed limit c. The
observation that particles cannot be accelerated above the speed of light, is
seen as an empirical proof of the SRT. This conclusion is however premature
when there is ether. With ether the speed of light is the consequence of the
inert qualities of ether. If the speed of adjustment of electromagnetic changes
in the ether is limited to c, it is not so hard to comprehend that
particles cannot be accelerated beyond the speed the ether can adjust itself
to.
Figure 9. The charge division in ether between
condenser plates.
The dielectric movement and the electric field
in the ether are schematically illustrated in figure 9. The overlapping
parts of the circles represent the dielectric movement in the point-volumes
between the positive and negative plates of a condenser. The charges of the
plates are compensated by the charge displacement in the point-volumes and are
neutralized; the ether is in equilibrium.
A particle without charge will, placed in an
electric field, not be subdued to a force. When however a charged particle
enters the field between the plates the electric field of the particle and of the
condenser will interact. The resulting electric field will be a vector
summation of both fields, as science describes. For simplicity we assume that a
charged particle +Q enters the field in the condenser. The force in an
electric field on a charged particle is realized by the ether itself. The
charged plates draw and push on the particle by means of the ether as the
medium.
The electric field around a charged particle,
induced by its own charge, offers no resulting force on itself without an
additional electric field. The polarized ether around the single charge +Q
is symmetric and therefore there is no resulting force. The own electric field
draws symmetrically at the particle. When however this charged particle is
placed in an external electric field the symmetry is lost. The force on the
particle +Q is no longer equal in all directions. The resulting force is
proportional to the resulting field; the vector summation of both fields.
F=Q.E
The dielectric displacement around charge Q
combined with the external electric field in the ether between the condenser
plates will result in an asymmetric electric field surrounding Q. The resulting force F will be
proportional and in the direction of the external field E.
Figure 10. The force on a charged particle +Q in an
electric field and ether.
The force F will result in an
acceleration of particle Q in the direction of E.
The speed v of Q, combined
with the inert properties of a vacuum given by c, will be responsible for
the fact that not all the ether around Q can adjust in time to the
changed conditions. The effect of this inert quality of vacuum is presented in figure
11. Particle Q is presented in figure 11 by a black spot.
During the small time interval dt particle Q moves a distance vdt.
The field around Q, presented by a sphere with radius cdt, will
adjust to the change of position of Q in dt seconds. The ability of the
ether to adjust in dt seconds is limited to the space around Q
with a radius of cdt. Because of the deterministic law that reaction can
only take place after action, the ether can adjust to the changed circumstances
only after Q moved vdt meter. The inert property of the ether is
thus responsible for the fact that the adjustment of the ether to the new
situation, where Q moved vdt meter, will take place after the change of
position of Q.
In the next dt seconds the ether can
adjust. The adjustment of the ether will always lag the primal change. After Q
moved vdt meters the ether can adjust with speed c. The ether between
the original position of Q and vdt cannot be adjusted in time
because Q already passed. Only the ether around the original position of
Q, between vdt and cdt, is adjusted in time to contribute
to the force accelerating Q in the next dt seconds.
Figure 11. The decline of the electrostatic force in
vacuum caused by motion.
The resulting force on Q is therefore
realized by a fraction of the polarized ether. The radius of the circle at vdt
passing the acceleration force on to Q, with speed v, is a
factor 
of the original circle (R=cdt). The force in the ether
however is not realized by a line, but by the surface of the ether still
contributing to the force. The surface of the ether still able to interact with
the moving particle is a factor 
smaller; the profile of the sphere cdt at vdt.
The Lorentzfactor
will be discussed further in the chapter “The Photon”.
The described situation, where particle Q
is only accelerated by the force 
, is comparable with someone pushing a pram. In the
beginning when the pram has no speed we can contribute all our energy to the
acceleration of the pram. When we run behind the pram as fast as we can we cannot
accelerate anymore, despite our effort. When the pram runs as fast as we can
push all the energy we produce is lost. We cannot accelerate the pram faster
than we can run. The same applies to the energy and force around Q. The
electric field around Q cannot push Q faster than it is able to
transfer itself.
The sphere around Q in figure 11
presents the electric field surrounding Q with radius cdt. The
light gray areas present the cone of the polarized ether surrounding Q still
able to adjust in time to the movement of Q and therefore still able to
induce a force on Q and accelerate the particle further. The dark gray
area represents the surface through which the field is still transporting the
force from condenser plates to +Q. The particle is therefore only
accelerated with a factor 
of the original force. Now it becomes clear that in ether a
charged particle like electron or proton cannot be accelerated above the speed
of light. When v=c the electric field is no longer able to induce a
force to accelerate Q. The interaction between the electric field of the
particle and the electric field of the condenser does not induce an
accelerating force anymore.
Summarizing the previous; the force in an
electric field on a non-moving particle with charge Q is:
F=QE
When the particle moves in the direction of the
force F with speed v the accelerating force that
remains is:
Particle Q has not only a charge but
also a certain mass M. The acceleration, the increase of speed per
second, is proportional to the mass. The bigger the mass the smaller the
acceleration will be by a given force. A small stone will have a much higher
speed when accelerated by a catapult than a big stone with the same catapult.
In formula:
F=Ma
With M the mass and a the
acceleration in the direction of the force. The resulting force Fk
of the electric field E on particle Q with mass Mqv
gives the equation for acceleration:
When the speed of particle Q is v, and v
approaches c one can see in the above formula that the force
accelerating Q becomes zero. In an electric field and ether a charged
particle can never be accelerated to the speed of light. The lag of the ether,
formulated by the Lorentzfactor, is responsible for the loss of force compared
to a situation where v=0. So the experimental limit c in the
ether, vacuum, is not determined now by the relativity of time and space, but
simply by the lag of vacuum to adjust to electrostatic changes.
The energy contributed by a force is the force F
multiplied over the distance S where the force is active: W=FS.
When v is small (v<<c) the ether will contribute to
particle Q all the energy W by accelerating the particle and
increasing the speed. Is however the speed v not very small comparable
to c than a part of the energy W=FS is “lost”. “Lost” does not
mean that this energy has disappeared.
The original force F has to be
split up in a force that still contributes to the acceleration of the particle
and a part that is “lost”.
F=Fk+Fv
Fk is the force still accelerating Q and Fv
is the “lost” force. The energy ceded by the electric field over a small
distance ds can also be split up in a “lost” part Fvds and a part
Fkds that is transferred to particle Q and contributes in the
increase of speed:
Fds=Fkds+Fvds
The energy “lost” is:
As the speed v increases the “lost”
energy of the electric field increases. The relaxation of the electric field,
the ether, is too slow. Charge Q already disappeared. In figure 12
the dark part of the sphere represents the ether too late to contribute to the
acceleration. The energy that is “lost”, because it is not attributing energy
to Q, represents the dark cone. This “lost” energy presents itself as
radiation. The lagged electric field will excite the ether behind Q and
the ether will release this lagged energy by means of electromagnetic waves.
When Q moves in a straight line the “lost”
energy can speed up with Q because electromagnetic waves travel with the
speed of light c and Q can never reach this speed. So the “lost”
energy catches up with Q. Particle Q can absorb the radiation and
get in a state of electromagnetic vibration. This absorbed electromagnetic
energy ceded by the electric field however no longer accelerates Q
anymore. Particle Q is able to absorb and also emit radiation. When the
excitement stage of Q reaches a certain level one can expect that Q
will emit this energy in the form of an electromagnetic wave.
The “lost” energy of the field has an impulse
of its own. When Q absorbs the electromagnetic radiation the impulse of
the radiation will be present in the oscillation of Q. If particle Q’s
path is bend the electromagnetic vibration energy of Q is possibly
emitted. In physics the radiation emitted during acceleration is known under
the name “synchrotron radiation” and is still not accounted for in theory.
Figure 12. The energy loss during acceleration in an
electric field.
The perception of the ether is still consistent
with observations. We have demonstrated that in ether the force of an electric
field on a charge diminishes when the speed increases. To determine the
acceleration of particle Q with mass Mqv the equivalence of mass
and energy 
of Einstein has to be accounted for. The mass Mq of a
particle at rest, increases to Mqv when the speed is v:
Later on we will
demonstrate (chapter The Photon), that with ether the mass will increase
accordingly to the above formula. In the present perception of science all the
energy ceded by the electric field contributes to the kinetic energy of the
particle. With ether this is not the case. Fv only establishes
acceleration while Fk is lost. The force that accelerates particle Q
is:
The mass of particle Q moving with speed
v is:
so the acceleration
according to F=Ma will be:
The acceleration of a particle with rest mass
of Mq and a charge Q with speed v is limited to:
