The
proton and neutron
The most well known phenomena that support the
Relativity Theory have been discussed. To my knowledge every observation can
rationally be explained with ether. The simplicity and transparency of the
ether theory invites us to go on. It is also possible with ether to explain the
existence of protons and neutrons in a similar way as the electron. We
demonstrated that a positron and electron may emerge from a point-volume when
the energy of the photon is high enough.
Now I ask you to imagine ether where the energy
level is so high that electrons and positrons are created continuously. When a
positron and electron merge both particles annihilate with two high-energy
photons as result of the annihilation. Assume the density of electrons and
positrons is so high that when an electron and positron merge there is no time
to annihilate before other electrons and positrons present themselves to fuse.
The fusing electrons and positrons add their magnetic energy to the same point-volume.
The increasing magnetic spin energy forces the charge to spin in a decreasing
volume. The potential energy increases accordingly. The fusion of electrons
cannot go on infinitely; there must be a limit.
The energy equation for the electron at rest
is:
When electrons and positrons fuse the energy
increases proportionally. The radius of the compiled particle, according to We,
will decrease proportionally. The radius will decline more and more when
electrons and positrons fuse, but there will be a limit. When we fuse n+1
positrons and n electrons the formula for the total energy becomes:
with Rp=Re/(2n+1)
The magnetic and electrostatic energy is still
equal. The compiled particle is 2n+1 time smaller and the energy 2n+1
time higher than the electron. It is not logical to expect that the radius can
decrease to nil. There must be a limit.
The proton is, just like the electron, a very
stable particle. The point-volume we described can split up into a negative and
a positive point-volume, both with opposite charge Qe. About the
dimensions of the point-volume there was no indication until now. Every time a
positron and electron fuse, the radius declines and the energy concentration
increases. The dimension of the alleged point-volume dominates the limit to the
imagined fusion process.
When energy cannot concentrate anymore the
fusion process will stop. This is the point where the compiled particle reaches
the dimension of the presumed point-volume. The proton has emerged.
The described process is very unlikely. It is
more likely to assume that the energy concentration in the ether was so immense
(Big Bang) that there was enough energy for the proton and anti-proton to
emerge directly from a point-volume. With ether present in vacuum it is a
coincidence that our proton is positively charged (+Qe) and not
negatively. The proton could have been an anti-proton as well. In our galaxy
all the nuclei are probably positive. Whether this is the case in other
galaxies is to be questioned.
When we calculate the radius of the proton Rp,
out of the mass:
With Mp the mass of the proton we
calculate radius of the proton Rp at 1.535.10^-18 meter; the
first indication of the dimension of the assumed point-volume.
The proton can
emerge from a neutron. The neutron is not really stable. The average life span
of a neutron is 900 seconds. When the neutron disintegrates, an electron and
energy is ejected, and the proton arises or a positron is ejected and an
anti-proton emerges. Calculation of the radius Rn of a neutron in a
similar way gives:
Rn=1.533.10^-18 meter
The neutron is
unstable. In time it will disintegrate into a proton and electron or the
counter particles: the anti-proton and positron. In the neutron the positive-
and negative point volume oscillate and rotate. The neutron has not enough
energy to separate in a proton and anti-proton. But there is enough energy to
split it up in an electron and proton.
When we imagine
the opposite process, the fusion op a proton and electron in to a neutron we
are able to comprehend the properties of the neutron. Imagine a proton and
electron approaching each other. The potential electrostatic energy of both
particles diminishes and is transferred to kinetic energy when both particles
approach.
When the electron
and proton fuse electrostatic energy is transferred to kinetic/magnetic oscillation
energy. After the fusion the kinetic energy has not disappeared. The kinetic
energy is trapped in the neutral point-volume that emerges after both opposite
charges compensate each other. The potential energy becomes kinetic energy when
the particles approach. After the fusion the kinetic/magnetic energy is
transferred to an electromagnetic oscillation: the oscillating positive and
negative point-volume.
Figure 20.
The spinning and oscillating point-volume; the neutron.
The imagined spinning and oscillating particle,
the neutron, has the energy of a proton plus 2.53 times the energy of an
electron. The neutron has therefore enough energy to disintegrate in a proton
and electron or an anti-proton and a positron. The neutron will be stable as
long as the electromagnetic oscillation is in balance, because it has not
enough energy to create a proton and anti-proton. It has however enough energy
to create a proton and electron.
When the oscillation is disturbed the neutron
can disintegrate. The point-volume can then separate into a positive and
negative point-volume with enough kinetic and magnetic energy to become the
proton (anti-proton) and electron (positron). The proton and electron are
stable particles with a charge that gives them the possibility to emit
overflowing energy. The neutron has no charge and can therefore not induce an
electromagnetic oscillation in the ether. It is only a question of time, on
average 900 seconds, before the neutron disintegrates.
When we calculate the oscillation of the
positive and negative point-volume in the neutron on a classical way with the
calculated radius Rn, the charges +Qe and -Qe and the
energy Wn, we find that both point-volumes oscillate with the speed of
light. The oscillation frequency of the neutron is so high, that the lag of the
ether/vacuum surrounding the neutron prevents the ether to be polarized. The
oscillation energy is preserved within the neutron.
The
proton and neutron mathematically
The proton can be considered to emerge out of
fusion of 2n+1 positrons and n electrons. The formula for the
total energy of the proton is:
Rp=Re/(2n+1)
Adjudge to the proton the radius Rp:
When the energy of the proton is equally
divided over magnetic and electrostatic energy the radius Rp is
calculated with the mass Mp of the proton:
The radius is calculated at Rp=1.535.10^-18
meter. This radius is a possible indication for the radius of the point-volume.
A proton, in reality emerges out of a neutron that ejects an electron.
Reversed, a neutron might emerge from the fusion of a proton and electron. The
equations for proton en electron are:
When both particles fuse, the neutron emerges.
Although the neutron is not charged, this does not mean the electrostatic energy
of both particles is lost. The neutron has, like the proton and electron, two
degrees of freedom to store energy. The neutron lacks the potential to store
electrostatic energy. Instead it has the electromagnetic property to oscillate.
When we fuse the proton and electron we get the formula:
The first part of this equation presents the
magnetic spin energy of the neutron. The second part the oscillation energy.
Assuming the energy is equally divided over both degrees of freedom we
calculate Rn=1.533.10^-18 meter.
When an observer is situated in the neutron the
observer is at rest with the ether under control/influence of the neutron. The
observer spins with the neutron and can only observe the oscillation (second
part Wn). When both charges +Qe and -Qe, in oscillation,
overlap, the potential energy of the oscillation is nil and the
magnetic/kinetic energy of the oscillation peaks. When the distance between
both charges is maximal all oscillation energy is potential.
The electrostatic force between the two charges
is calculated with the differential of the second part of equation Rn.
The electrostatic force between both charges is:
Fn=-4.91.10^7 Newton
The positive and negative point-volume present
each half of the energy/mass of the neutron. Both point-volumes have the force Fn
(Fn=Fm) working. When we calculate the acceleration of each particle with a=2Fn/Mn,
the classical way, we find that both particles move exact with the speed of
light when they pass each other.
a= 2Fn/Mn
S=1/2Rn T=Ö(2S/a) T=Ö(Rn/a) T=5.11.10^-27 time
S is the distance each
point-volume travels before they pass each other. The difference between the
calculated speed of passage V=aT and c is so small that the
difference is explained by the margin errors of the mass of the neutron. The
calculation fits exactly. The coincidence would be extreme, when the derived
force accelerates the particles according to classical mechanics exactly to the
speed of light c, when the proposed relation does not exist. The neutron
is in a simple way explained by means of the ether and classical mechanics.
When calculating the acceleration of both
point-volumes in the neutron we stated that Fn was working on both sides.
So we calculated the acceleration with a force equal to 2Fn. In the
above we only accounted for de electrostatic force/energy and therefore we only
incorporated half the energy of the neutron. We neglected the magnetic spin energy/force
of the neutron.
Now we assume the observer is situated outside
the neutron at rest with the surrounding ether. The observer sees now a neutral
particle. The oscillation is too fast to observe. The spin of the neutron
induces a current in the surrounding ether. The induced spin current in the
ether surrounding the neutron is not in balance with the ether outside the
neutron. The magnetic force, the rejection by the surrounding ether of this
current, is derived by differentiation of the first part of the equation for
the energy Wn of the neutron.
The magnetic force is equal to the electrostatic
force (Fm=Fn). Calculating the
oscillating with 2Fn is justified
because the total force is the sum of the electrostatic force Fn plus the magnetic force Fm.
When the neutron oscillates over a distance Rn
it has to “push” away the surrounding ether. The total energy of the neutron
can also be stated as: Wn=Rn(Fm+Fn).